Wednesday April 16


    Discuss this week's assignment on coding.
    Last Class: Started "topology of networks and surfaces":


    Review Topology vocabulary:

"Bounded" In the plane- A line segment is bounded. A line is not bounded. A circle is bounded.  A parabola is not bounded. "Bounded" means the object can be visualized in a box.


"
closed
"  A line segment with endpoints is closed. A circle is closed.  A line is closed. A line segment missing one or both endpoints in not closed. A circle missing one point is not closed.



"
open
"  A line segment missing both endpoints is open. A line is open.  A circle missing one point is open.



"
connected
" A line, a line segment, a circle, a circle missing one point,  and a parabola are all connected.
A line segment missing an interior point is not connected.
It has two pieces.


The following two  letters  are topologically equivalent.

I   C

The following two  letters   are topologically equivalent to each other but not to the previous two letters. This can be seen by removing a single point from these letters which will not disconnect the curves, as it does with the previous letters.

O  D


The letter T missing the point where the top meets the vertical line segment is not connected. It has three pieces.


The letter Y missing the point where the top meets the vertical line segment also is not connected. It has three pieces.
T and Y are topologically  the same (equivalent)! this can be seen by bending the tops to the letters up or down and stretching and shrinking the lengths as well.


Questions: Is a triangle topologically equivalent to another triangle?
Yes. Stretch the sides and you'll also transform the angles.

Is an circle topologically equivalent to a line?  No. 
The circle is still connected when you remove a point.
The line is disconnected when you remove a point.

Is a triangle topologically equivalent to a square? a circle? yes.

    Maps
    Coordinates for "earth" - the sphere
    Coordinates for the torus!

    Activity for maps on Torus.
    Locate P and Q on the map! give their coordinates.

torus_coord.gif
torus_coord1.gif


Adventures on the Mobius Band, the Klein Bottle, and
the Projective Plane !

"New" Surfaces and 
The Classification of Surfaces

    Surfaces (CalcPlot3d) Many examples with parametrics.

      What is a surface?
      Bounded, unbounded:
      Closed, open:

      With or without boundary:
      Orientable or Non-orientable:
      The Moebius band is a
      non-orientable surface.
      Introduce the Klein Bottle and Projective Plane as examples of non-orientable surfaces.
      A surface can be realized (imbedded) in a plane, in 3 space, in 4 space.
      A surface can be visualized (immersed) in ...


      Review examples: A closed disc, an open disc, a plane, an annulus- cylinder, a mobius band;


 
Mirror image and orientability The Möbius band is one-sided

Mirror image and orientability - see the animated version (73K) Wind and Mr. Ug The Möbius band is one-sided - view the animated version (1.3M)
   

    Experiments with the mobius band:
    Draw a curve along the center of the band- we cover both "sides."
    Cut along that curve- the band does not fall apart, but gets twice as long!


    A sphere


    A torus


  Torus

    [Activity:Graphs on the torus]


A Klein bottle:

A javaview visualization of the Klein bottle

On Line Article: Imaging maths - Inside the Klein bottle
Klein Bottle

  


    Games and puzzles on the torus and the klein bottle.


    The projective plane


Why is this a closed and bounded surface?

 

    Spheres with handles:

Boy's Surface

    Spheres with cross caps

Crosscap .

    Visualizations of surfaces by flattened - cut apart models.
    A cylinder, a mobius band, the torus, the Klein bottle, the projective plane.

    Handles and cross-caps  attached to the sphere.

    The Topological Classification of "closed surfaces.



" If Mathematicians Made Pretzels" Proof without words.
The following two figures are topologically equivalent.

From the Fun Fact files, hosted by the Harvey Mudd College Math Department

Unbelievable Unlinking

Figure 1
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 2

Imagine that the two objects in Figure 1 are solid (with thickness) and made of very flexible and stretchy rubber.

Question: is it possible to deform one object into the other in a continuous motion (without tearing or cutting)?

Surprise answer: Yes!!

Hint: it is important that the object is solid and has thickness; this transformation cannot be done with a one-dimensional piece of string. It is also not possible to do this with a piece of rope because even though the rope has thickness, it is not flexible or "stretchy" enough. See below for an explanation and animated gif. Or, don't scroll down if you want to think about it a while!

The Math Behind the Fact:
One way to do this is the following. Widen one of the loops and move one of its handles along the stem between the two loops to the other loop and push it through the hole so that the two loops become unlinked. The reference contains a sequence of pictures of this transformation.

Graeme McRae has generously contributed the animated gif in Figure 2, showing another solution to this problem! (Thank you, Graeme!)
Here is the original picture:



Ways to think of surfaces : cross-sections/ projections/moving curves/ using color to see another dimension.
How do 3d glasses work?
Spheres with handles,


    Visualizations of surfaces by flattened - cut apart models.
    A cylinder, a mobius band, the torus, the Klein bottle, the projective plane.

    Closed Surfaces: Handles and cross-caps  attached to the sphere.


A sphere with a handle = a torus
 A Sphere with a cross cap = the projective plane


    The Topological Classification of "closed surfaces."

    Every connected closed and bounded surface is topologically equivalent to a sphere with handles and crosscaps attached.

    Proof (Next class!)....


Topology and measurements:




The Euler Characteristic of A Surface.

The classification of surfaces determines the euler characteristic of each surface.
If the surface is orientable, it is a sphere with n handles, so V-E+R = 1 - 2n +1 = 2-2n.  For example the torus has euler characteristic 2-2*1=0.
If the surface is non-orientable, then is it a sphere with k crosscaps and n handles, so the euler characteristic is V-E+R = 1 - (k+2n) +1 =2 -2n -k.
Notice that a sphere with two cross caps has euler characteristic 0, the same as the torus. But this was the euler characteristic of the Klein Bottle. So we should be able to recognize the Klein bottle as a sphere with two cross caps.
This can be done by a single normalization of one pair of edges with the same  orientation.

Other interest in surfaces: Examples
Ways to think of surfaces : cross-sections/ projections/moving curves/ using color to see another dimension.

Generalization of surfaces are called "manifolds".  cross sections / projections/ moving surfaces-solids.
"minimal surfaces" (FAPP video?)
Transforming surfaces: "turning the sphere inside out." video